Pro-Longed Hours. Big Benefits. Essay - 2062 Words

Pro-Long Hours. Big Benefits. A growing trend noticeably increasing in the medical field is plastic surgeon—the practice of restoring or enhancing the physical appearance of the body. This job requires the right personality and techniques from a doctor but is overall rewarding and something to aspire to. The correct information and the insight from an elite surgeon working in today’s medical environment can emit inspiration for those wanting to be involved in this field. History Even though plastic surgery is most popular in today’s society, the idea that the practice goes as far back as 3400 B.C., is often misconstrued. It is believed that ancient Egyptians were the first to preform plastic surgery for reconstructive purposes. The†¦show more content†¦Job description Plastic surgery is split up into two different categories: reconstructive and cosmetic. Reconstructive surgery is repairing the body due to injury, disease, or birth defect (facial fractures, tumors, cleft palates, burns etc.). Cosmetic surgery is classified as enhancing a person physical appearance according to their desired look (facelifts, nose jobs, tummy tucks and so on). A plastic surgeon can chose to reduce their practice to one of these categories or specialize in one certain area of the body, however each doctor must be trained in working with every type of body tissue; skin, muscle, fat, and nerve tissues (Biologist). This job includes rewards such as helping people look their best and knowing that the final product can make a person feel better about themself and also improve their lives all because of the work you were able to do. However, working as a plastic surgeon has several negative aspects. Often, doctors are forced to deal with very traumatic situations—suc h as an accident or birth defect— and know way to find the solution (Biologist). But that’s all a part of being given the opportunity to make each situation better and save a patient’s life. A plastic surgeon can choose to work under three different conditions: private practice, group practice, or within a hospital department. A private practice includes a surgeon who hires their own staff and works either inShow MoreRelatedShould Casinos Be Legalized?1514 Words   |  7 PagesNot Be Legalized in Thailand? Does Las Vegas sound exciting? Have you ever longed to go there and try your hand at a fortune? Almost everyone has a dream that they’ll win big, and this is why towns such as Las Vegas have such a strong appeal to the public. The problem arises when people visit casinos and take gambling too far. For some this form of entertainment turns into an addiction. This creates a rather big controversy whether casinos should or should not be legalized in certain countriesRead MoreIphone 6 Vs. 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The Field Of Medicine Study Biology - 1242 Words

[T]raditional education has students focusing on one career at a time, generally encompassing a very specific field of interest. Students interested in the field of medicine study biology and don’t generally study much outside of science. Or, students interested in music study musical theory and learn several different instruments – they don’t cross over into other fields of thought. This type of learning, however, really doesn’t reflect the way the world works. It doesn’t even properly reflect human experience: many students are puzzled when it comes to choosing a field of study. They settle on one because there hasn’t been an option available that combines their interests in a practical way, or it simply isn’t shown to them. The interactions of this world, however, revolve around many different fields of thought combining and working together. People nowadays need to be educated in a way that properly represents this experience: the â€Å"big picture† experience. 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Pros Cons of Television free essay sample

For most people, watching television Is an enjoyable way to spend time. It Is an undemanding activity that passes the time and there are very few families that dont own at least one television. Since so many people now own a television, there has been a proliferation in the number of channels available and shows to watch, so that you can quite easily find yourself spending hours in front to the television. Consequently, you may neglect other activities that need doing. Thus, although television may help to ease boredom. Here are also some negative aspects associated with watching television. Breaking news shown live on your TV Global news network allows the latest global events to be aired worldwide and beamed directly to your living room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) include September 1 lath attack, 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia, 2008 HINDI outbreak and 2011 earthquake In Japan. Pros of watching television The positive aspects of watching television include that you have somethin g to talk to friends and relatives about. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros Cons of Television or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are certain programs which are more popular than there and If you watch them you feel Included and that you have something In common with the people around you. Television can help to foster a sense of national identity, since a significant proportion of the population will be exposed to the same kinds of news programs and television shows, so that people feel that they belong to a wider community. Plus, television can also be Informative and educational, opening peoples eyes up to the world outside. Educational TV programs Educational TV programs provide priceless information that not only educate but also pens up your mind. Most of these programs teach and educate people on subjects that you may otherwise will not know and are never taught in schools. Non-educational TV programs However, there are also a lot of television shows that are not very educational, and could even be considered trash. Reality shows, for Instance, offer nothing of any worth to the audience. Yet people still tune in. People get hooked on shows which are poorly produced and concentrate mostly on issues of sex and violence. Although here is no conclusive evidence that watching violence on television makes children tofu people would become desensitizing to it, and that this could make it easier for children to engage in violent activities. Watching too much TV can lead to weight gain, poor social skills and lower academic results Unsupervised children spending too much of their time in front of a TV can have a big impact on their life. Obesity, lack of social skills and poor academic results are Just some of the effects TV have on children. Some psychologist believe that too such TV time can have a major effect in the psychology of the child. Children are suppose to interact and play, not sit and watch. Poor parenting and weight gain It is also evident that many people spend too much time watching television, so that parents dont bother to spend any time playing or talking with their children. It is far easier to stick them in front of the television, rather than taking them to the park. It cant be a coincidence that so many people are now overweight when they spend much more time watching television than they would have done years ago. People seed to be a lot more active, but now television is the most convenient way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they burn hardly any calories while most probably consuming an excessive amount of calories. Its addictive Even though there are many negative aspects associated with watching television, many people enjoy television far too much to reduce the amount they watch or to avoid watching television altogether. People enjoy not having to think for themselves and to be able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Local and International brand analysis of Heineken and Kilimajaro Premium Lager free essay sample

â€Å"Critically analyze and compare the marketing strategies of one local and one international brand in one product category and country of your choice and develop recommendations for the local brand. Consider a social perspective in your work†. Aloyce Gervas Haule ID: 6514396 Word Count: 4373 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURESiv 1. 0 Introduction2 1. 1 Kilimanjaro Premium Lager2 Figure 1: Kilimanjaro Premium Larger Packs3 1. 2. Heineken3 Figure 2: Heineken in different4 2. 0 Market Segmentation and the Firm’s Targeting4 2. 1. Segmentation at Tanzania Breweries Limited- Producer of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager6 2.2. Segmentation at Heineken the 3rd Leading Beer Company in the World8 2. 3. Comparison of the segmentation strategies between Heineken and KPL9 3. 0 Defining the Marketing Mix for the brands9 3. 1 The Products10 Table 1: Brands similarities and differences 10 Figure 3: Kilimanjaro in different bottle packs11 Figure 4: Heineken in different products and packs12 3 . 2 Communication12 Figure 6: Heineken, Power Your World slogan15 Figure 7: some sales promotion activities for Kilimanjaro16 Figure 9: Kilimanjaro sponsorship events18 3. 3. Pricing the product19 3. 4. Brand distribution20 Figure 10: Kilimanjaro distribution channel22 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Local and International brand analysis of Heineken and Kilimajaro Premium Lager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0 Recommendations to the local brand’s marketing manager23 6. 0 Conclusions24 REFERENCES25 LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURESiv 1. 0 Introduction2 1. 1 Kilimanjaro Premium Lager2 Figure 1: Kilimanjaro Premium Larger Packs3 1. 2. Heineken3 Figure 2: Heineken in different4 2. 0 Market Segmentation and the Firm’s Targeting4 2. 1. Segmentation at Tanzania Breweries Limited- Producer of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager6 2. 2. Segmentation at Heineken the 3rd Leading Beer Company in the World8 2. 3. Comparison of the segmentation strategies between Heineken and KPL9 3.0 Defining the Marketing Mix for the brands9 3. 1 The Products10 Table 1: Brands similarities and differences 10 Figure 3: Kilimanjaro in different bottle packs11 Figure 4: Heineken in different products and packs12 3. 2 Communication12 Figure 6: Heineken, Power Your World slogan15 Figure 7: some sales promotion activities for Kilimanjaro16 Figure 9: Kilimanjaro sponsorship events18 3. 3. Pricing the product19 3. 4. Brand distribution20 Figure 10: Kilimanjaro distribution channel22 5. 0 Recommendations to the local brand’s marketing manager23 6. 0 Conclusions24 REFERENCES25 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Kilimanjaro Premium Larger PacksError: Reference source not found Figure 2: Heineken in different bottle packsError: Reference source not found Figure 3: Kilimanjaro in different bottle packsError: Reference source not found Figure 4: Heineken in different products and packsError: Reference source not found Figure 6: Heineken, Power Your World sloganError: Reference source not found Figure 7: some sales promotion activities for KilimanjaroError: Reference source not found Figure 9: Kilimanjaro sponsorship eventsError: Reference source not found Figure 10: Kilimanjaro distribution channelError: Reference source not found THE PRIDE OF TANZANIA Mount Kilimanjaro: The highest mountain in Africa and the highest free-standing mountain in the world at 5,895 meters or 19,341 feet above sea level. 1. 0Introduction Since the evolution of globalization and global interactions, markets and trade barriers have been minimized and hence new trade challenges have been experienced to both local and international brands. Markets have also been challenged as to how they can set marketing strategies that will serve both local and international competition that are increasing in an increasing rate due to reduction of trade barriers that is resulting from interaction of globalization. This works thus intends to analyze and compare the marketing strategies of a local brand (Kilimanjaro Premium Larger) and an international brand (Heineken) in Tanzania. And a strategic move for a local brand will be proposed. 1. 1 Kilimanjaro Premium Lager Kilimanjaro Premium Larger (KPL) is a truly Tanzanian beer brand (local brand in this case), with crisp and refreshing flavour, slightly bitter and never sweet. It is light in colour, and contained alcohol at 4. 5%ABV. Its country of origin is Tanzania, and its famous slogans are, â€Å"Kilevi chenye bonge la ladha inayoburudisha – Refreshingly † and â€Å"100%TZ flavour† Figure 1: Kilimanjaro Premium Larger Packs 1. 2. Heineken On the other hand, Heineken, a Dutch beer that is imported in Tanzania by Mabibo beer wine and spirits distributors, is an international brand originated from Netherlands. It was first imported in Africa in 1990, and it is now available in more than 23 countries (Tanzania inclusive). In Tanzania, the beer is largely imported from South Africa where it is manufactured by South African Breweries (under licence). The beer is bottled and canned in green, with alcoholic content of 5. 0%ABV Figure 2: Heineken in different 2. 0Market Segmentation and the Firm’s Targeting Segmentation is coming from the concept of setting segments, or breaking into groups, or simply grouping. Thus market segmentation would mean market grouping. Kotler (2006) says that, market segmentation starts from mass marketing. In mass marketing, the sellers or industries engages in mass production, mass distribution, and mass promotion of the product for all buyers. If mass marketing is practiced, then marketers will have to design for mass strategies in the markets that they are serving. Strategically, this would imply that there will be largest potential markets, and hence lower cost per unit which might lead to low prices or high margin. In practice, however, this is very challenging due to dynamism of consumers – â€Å"a marketer can rarely satisfy everyone in a market† (Kotler, 2006:24), and the large number of communication media and distribution channel are increasingly expensive to reach the mass audience. Thus, the most appropriate strategy is market segmentation and market targeting (Roy, 1998) Market segmentation is the process of breaking down all consumers into groups of potential buyers with similar characteristics (Roy, 1998). But Kotler, (2006) defines segmentation as the process of grouping customers with similar needs and wants. Similarly, Joshi (2010) refers segmentation to dividing the market of potential customers into homogeneous sub-groups. All definitions basically agree on dividing, grouping and homogeneity or similarity of consumer or market characters. For that case, we can define market segmentation as the strategic process of grouping homogeneous structures from heterogeneous group of market. These market structures could be areas, and thus a geographical segmentation, or could be consumer traits bases, hence we have demographic segmentation. After segmentation, a potential or profitable and promising segment will be selected or choose to be served. The process of choosing this potential segment to serve is what we call target market or market targeting. 2. 1. Segmentation at Tanzania Breweries Limited- Producer of Kilimanjaro Premium Lager 1Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL), the producers of KPL have segmented the market (local market) in two ways. First, the market is segmented geographically, and thus four regions were created: East (Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara, Dodoma and Zanzibar). This is the most profitable and has the highest consumer concentrate area taking to about 46% of total sales share. North West (Mwanza, Shinyanga, Kigoma, Tabora, Singida, Kagera, Mara, Simiyu, and Geita). This is the second profitable segment, taking to about 28% of the company sales share. Southern higher lands region (Mbeya, Iringa, Ruvuma, Sumbawanga, and Katavi). This is the third region with about 14% annual sales share of the company sales. And lastly the North East region (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Tanga and Manyara). Regionally, Kilimanjaro Premium Larger is targeting the Eastern and North East regions. And it is the leading brand (by sales volume) into the regions. Thus, the target markets for local market are eastern and north east regions. Secondly, the local market is demographically segmented. By this strategy, consumers are segmented into the following groups: 1. Passive escapists: this is a group of consumers with very low income. They can hardly afford a beer, so mostly they take local brew, and hard liquor. But when they want or drink beer, it should to be hard, full bolded flavour, extra bitter, and high alcohol. Their major reason for drinking is escapement. This segment is contained with early, and late old rural people, retired people, and un-employed 2. Back breakers: this is a group of consumers who earn money bay working very hard, and doing heavy jobs with relatively lower pays. Mostly are casual workers, and those who use more power, or muscles. This segment drinks beer occasionally, may be weekends after receiving their weekly pays, but when they drink they want something bitter, hard, and which can quickly take them. This segment contained a casual and seasonal working group from both rural and urban areas. 3. Washikaji segment: this segment is the group with mostly youth, aged 24 to 45 years. The word washikaji means friends or companions. Thus is the group of college and working class with average income. They drink mostly for belonging, early or drinking learners, and company. They have minimum responsibilities; they are outgoing, and can easily share their common interest. They normally drink in groups, and frequently. 4. We are there: this is the segment with well off people, who are either successful business people or hold executive positions in organisations. They normally drink for belonging, or in events, and they drink in executive outlets. Thus, KPL has followed the segmentation by targeting the third class or segment of washikaji. The brand has targeted the segment because it is the most beer consuming segment, and they want a beer with parameters similar to Kilimanjaro. Since Kilimanjaro has moderate alcohol, with crisp and refreshing flavour, it is light in colour and easily drinkable, then it is a nice beer for youth. Similarly, the beer has positioned as a youth beer which makes it perfect for the segment. 2. 2. Segmentation at Heineken the 3rd Leading Beer Company in the World 2Heineken, the third leading beer company in the world after ImBev and Miller, has transformed its geographic footprint significantly in recent years (Heinekenannual report, 2012). This shows that the company has strategically segmented its global market in geographical aspects. The changes reflect the growing importance of emerging markets, and by 2010 the companies’ previous reliance on European markets has decreased significantly. While in 2001 Western Europe accounted for 53% of its global volumes, followed by Eastern Europe’s 20% volume share, in 2010 Latin America became the second most important market for the company with 25% volume share, while Western Europe share has decreased to 29%. Eastern Europe still plays an important role in the company’s portfolio, representing 22% of its volumes, but its share has declined. Heineken is well placed in Middle East and Africa, where beer consumption showed strong volume growth (more than 5% in 2010), and the company has strengthened further its position in Nigeria with the acquisition of two holding companies from the Sona Group in January 2011. Asia Pacific is the only region, where the company lacks a strong presence. It operates through joint ventures (Asia Pacific Breweries and United Breweries), but it is an area for further development, as the region is the biggest beer market and offers high-growth potential (Heineken Nv Annual report, 2010). 2. 3. Comparison of the segmentation strategies between Heineken and KPL Comparing the segmentation strategies for KPL and Heineken, it is more less the same strategies keeping in mind the mission, and vision of brand owning companies. Heineken is showing high volume share in Western Europe, Latin America and Africa and Middle East markets with volume shares of 29%, 25%, and 22% respectively, and Kilimanjaro is growing in Eastern, North East and North West markets. Similarly, Heineken is lacking strong presence in Asia pacific (China in particular) where it has only 3% volume share and Kilimanjaro is lacking representation in the Southern High lands region. But in the context of Tanzanian market, Heineken is the urban beer because it is targeting â€Å"we are there† segment, and it is priced with premium prices, while Kilimanjaro is an all place beer (both rural and urban) however, it is getting more volume in urban than rural. Also it is targeting the washikaji segment and few of we are there segment. 3. 0Defining the Marketing Mix for the brands Marketing mix is a set of marketing tools the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives (Kotler, 2006; Neil, 1994). The ‘Marketing Mix’ is a term used to describe the combination of tactics used by a business to achieve its objectives by marketing its products or services effectively to a particular target customer group. It is also referred to as the ‘4 Ps’ – Product, Price, Promotion and Place, or the ‘7 Ps’ – the 4 Ps with the addition of People, Process and Physical Evidence, also called the extended marketing mix (Doole, 2008; Mollel, 2005; Roy, 1998). Thus this section will analyse and compare the marketing mix for goods (4Ps) since products used are tangible. 3. 1The Products Product is anything that is offered to satisfy needs and wants. Products have got very different features; however, some have similar features. For the case of Kilimanjaro and Heineken they are very different with minor similarity. To start with similarity, it is only the fact that, they are all beers, golden colour. However Kilimanjaro is pale gold (light) in colour than Heineken. Also, all brands are packed in both bottles and cans. But these brands are very different as shown on the table below. Table 1: Brands similarities and differences Element/item Kilimanjaro Premium Larger Heineken 1. Packs Cans of the same size Bottles of different size Available in drought Cans of different size Bottles of different size Not available in drought 2. Bottle Long neck , Returnable, Long neck, Non-returnable, 3. Bottle Labels Three labels – front , back and neck labels Two labels – front and neck label 4. Pack colour Brown bottles, and yellow colours cans Both bottles and cans are green in colour 5. Alcohol 4. 5%ABV 5%ABV and 2%ABV for Heineken light For the product context for the local brand (Kilimanjaro) has created a competitive advantage when it was changed from euro to longneck (locally called â€Å"mwanamkenyonga†) in September 2006. The shape of the bottle became so appealing, making the product sexy and lovable. Similarly, the changes in label shapes also made the product look nice. Figure 3: Kilimanjaro in different bottle packs This product development resulted into an increase in sales share by 24% in the North West region, while showing a big sales increase in other regions as well for the brand. In the North West region, the brand moved to the second selling brand from third position, after brand development. For the case of Heineken, the market have experienced more similar the same brands being imported, with in introduction of Heineken light (2%ABV). This product didn’t catch the market as consumers saw it more similar to juice. The brand did not perform and it was removed from the market. Figure 4: Heineken in different products and packs 3. 2Communication For any brand, communication is very important, and it should be for different purposes. Similarly, for international and local markets, effective communication is crucial to both firms and brand success. To do this, firms mostly use different techniques and means which are called communication mix. The communication mix includes: advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, personal selling and public relations (Kotler, 2006; Joshi, 2010) Advertising is referred to be the non-personal formal of communication which uses the paid media to include newspaper, magazines, ration, television, and other mass media, by an identified sponsor (Solomon et, al, 2009; Kotler and Keller, 2010; Joshi 2010). In Tanzania, both Kilimanjaro and Heineken have been using this strategy to communicate. Kilimanjaro have used almost all local communication media with large coverage or high regional coverage. The use of radio adverts, local televisions and newspapers is very popular. And it has managed to have very nice and influencing slogans when advertising the product. Some of which included, â€Å"if you can’t climb it, drink it†or â€Å"be on the top of Africa†, to mean if you cannot climb Mount Kilimanjaro (the highest mountain in Africa) then drink Kilimanjaro beer, or by drinking Kilimanjaro you will be at the top of the highest mountain and hence at the top of Africa. Similarly, the brand have been advertising itself as the truly Tanzania beer, i. e. 100%TZ flavour. 3Figure 5: Some Kilimanjaro advertising logos For the case of Heineken, advertising is mostly through television and only the international channels of Dstv football, and mostly during UEFA champion’s league. This is because it uses the standardization advertising strategy. Joshi (2010) defines standardization as the use of the same advertising strategy across the countries you are operating. Thus, since Heineken is a multinational company, then its strategy is advertising. In Tanzania, Heineken have not been advertised in any local television, newspaper, radio or magazine. This makes the coverage or the advertising to be limited to only those who are football fun and those who have subscribed Dstv channel. Then, because of limited access to coverage, Heineken is not very much known in rural markets where 80% of the Tanzanian population live. This limits the market for the brand as well. Heineken also is advertised by using the international slogans, and strategies. In advertising, selection of media is among of the most important challenges – as it should cover the targeted audience, and be in right time. Similarly, and selection of slogan is also important as the society will have an impact when decode the message. In marketing, it is not the encoding that is important, but the decoding, because if the message will be poorly decoded, then the image of the brand will be distorted. Thus, the use of international covering media, and the â€Å"power your world† slogan, makes Heineken very international, and builds and exceptional image to market consumers in Tanzanian market. Figure 6:Heineken, Power Your World slogan Sales promotion comprises of short-term marketing measures which stimulates quick demand and results into an immediate sales of the product. This element has different techniques to make it successful, some of which includes rebate and price discount, samples and coupon, gifts, and catalogue. Both brands, have been using different strategies for the institutionalizing the strategy. Kilimanjaro have been using different mechanics for sales promotion to include luck draws, price discount (buy two get one free), and street selling shows. Also Kilimanjaro has used football funs to make sales through â€Å"mtanijembe† – â€Å"the great team fun† which were targeting two big teams’ fans – Simba Sports Club and Dar Young Africans. Figure 7: some sales promotion activities for Kilimanjaro Heineken on the other hand, have been doing sales promotion, but mostly in the form of sampling, and coupons. Heineken have been issuing coupon to sampled people, and also doing in-door sampling sales promotions. However, this is mostly done in big cities and municipals, as well as executive outlets. This limits the reachability, and builds a brand image to be for people with high income only. 4Figure 8: Some sales promotion activities for Heineken in Tanzania Public relation or corporate social responsibility is a form of communication where the firm or brand builds its image through offerings and supporting public activities, initiative and events. This may include sponsorship of sports and cultural events, press releases, and even lobbying at the central or local government levels (Mollel, 2005; Perreault and McCarthy, 2006; Solomon et, al 2009). Kilimanjaro has been doing so many public relations in different forms than Heineken. Being among the popular and leading brands in the market, it should gain loyalty and trust among customers and the society. Kilimanjaro is sponsoring so many events from health to entertainment. Kilimanjaro is for example a core sponsor of two major football teams in Tanzania – Simba sports club and Dar Young African Football club. Also the brand is sponsoring the highest and most respected music awards in the country –KiliMusic Awards, and the highly respected and famous marathon in Tanzania – Kilimanjaro marathon. Figure 9: Kilimanjaro sponsorship events Apart from sponsoring entertainment sector, Kilimanjaro have built water infrastructures in Kilimanjaro region, have provided agricultural support in wheat and barley, and have renovated some schools and hospitals in different regions. This has created a very big trust and acceptability among youth and beers consumers in the market. On the other hand, Heineken has sponsorship programmes but not of benefit to the local community of the local market – Tanzania in this case. This is because it is sponsoring international events, or at international level. For example, in 2013 Heineken sponsored a movie of James bond, and also it is an official sponsor of UEFA champions’ league. This makes a brand not to be trusted and seem not responsible for the development or wellbeing of the community. So to the brand, this is a disadvantage. Direct marketing is also an effective marketing communication tool where in a firm has direct interaction with the customers. When this is done by firm’s sales force or commissioned agents for the same, it is considered as personal selling. This strategy is expensive and needs much time to be done. 3. 3. Pricing the product Pricing is among the most important aspect of building brand image and ensure profitability of the product or brand. In international market, pricing strategies becomes more complicated because it involves other aspects like monetary policies of the host country, purchasing power, and exchange rates. However, it can easily be adopted because the strategy involves less commitment of firms’ resources. Price is the sum of the value received from the customer for the product. It is generally refers in terms of money, but it may also include other tangible and intangible items of utility (Joshi, 2010). In Tanzania, Kilimanjaro is priced at retail price throughout the market. The manufacturing company – Tanzania breweries in this case, always issues the proposed retail price, and they make sure it is enforced. Currently, Kilimanjaro is sold at Tshs 2000, and this retail price will be charged all over the country and to all outlets, except the upmarket (we are there outlet segment). On the other hand, Heineken is using adopted pricing strategies. This could be due to exchange rates, and differences in monetary value of the countries they are trading. But in Tanzania, Heineken is among brands offered at premium prices, and currently is offered at a price of Tshs 3500 to Tshs 5000 per bottle or can 340mls. For Heineken, pricing is very fragmented, and each outlet decides on the price depending on where and how acquired the product. Since the brand is imported, then wholesale price depends much on first price from the country of origin, and secondly associated costs of bringing the product in Tanzania. This causes price fluctuation at both wholesale and retailing level, and thus leads to consumer dilemma i.e. no one is precisely aware as at what price eh/she will purchase the product. This creates a challenging buying decision as no one wants to buy a product with uncertain prices. 3. 4. Brand distribution In order to offer value to its customers, and ensure brand sales volume and profit growth, firms should ensure availability is at maximum. Getting products into hands of customers is among the most effective strategic move for org anisations since you cannot sell what is not available. This function is highly performed in the channel of distribution. Channel of distribution is the combination of agencies, institutions, units, people, and interested parties network in performing all the activities required to link producers with users to accomplish the marketing tasks (Joshi, 2006). Some of these tasks include (Mollel, 2005; Joshi, 2006; Kotler and Keller, 2010): physical flow of goods from the producers or manufacturers to the ultimate consumers/customers; transfer of ownership during the product flow; realization and management of payments flow; regular flow of information; and enhancing effective communication. For local market, managing channels of distribution is relatively easier than in international market. This makes easy access of customers for local brands, than international brands. In that case, Kilimanjaro has a very strong distribution network, with commissioned and well structured distribution channel members. It all begins with manufacturing plants from all four regions. Since the market is segmented geographically, then each segment has its own manufacturing plant. A form plant, Kilimanjaro is sent to either depots or distributors. Each region has its own depots and distributors. Then, wholesalers, bulk buyers, and stockists will buy from depots and distributors, and of course within themselves for areas where infrastructures are not well developed. Then retailers will buy from wholesalers, bulk buyers, and stockists. This distribution network has ensured brand availability in the market. For urban areas, availability is about 98%, while for rural markets availability is approximately 89%. This is explained as in the figure below: Figure 10: Kilimanjaro distribution channel For the case of Heineken in Tanzania, its distribution is complicated. At first, the sources are not always the same. Heineken importers get the product from different countries. In Africa, Heineken is manufactured in 25 countries, thus the product can be acquired from any of those within the region. However; in Tanzania, most imports are from South Africa and Malawi. The mostly known distributor is Mabibo beer wine and spirits importers, and they perform all activities and functions in international markets. The major challenge faced by the brand is the availability of product from other importers, and imports from West Africa. These imports saturate the markets, and sometimes distorts brand image by offering the products at relatively cheaper prices, and having improper communication. Also, from distributor, the distribution channel is not well established since the product is transported by public transports, or in other mixed cargo trucks. In most cases, Heineken is available not from well known locations and identified suppliers. This is a disadvantage to the brand because its distribution channel is not well known and hence availability is limited. 5.0 Recommendations to the local brand’s marketing manager Kilimanjaro Lager is among the performing brands in Tanzanian market, and it takes a large market share of beer brands in Tanzania. But keeping that share is a challenge; hence marketing manager should make sure appropriate strategies are in place. Product itself is fine, and the marketing manager should ensure proper positioning and brand image building. Since the beer has positioned itself a s a youth and truly Tanzanian, then its advertising, social responsibility and sales promotion should focus on that image. Coverage and availability in rural should be given an important attention. In Tanzania, about 75% of the population is in rural areas. This makes potential growth for the brand, hence the segment will be targeted, and for sure the brand will grow Social responsibility and sponsorship should cover the whole market. Currently, sponsorship and social responsibility are biased to North East and South region, this destructs the image of being a Tanzanian brand, and customer could let only people from those areas to consume the brand. This will be a challenge. Hence the aids, sponsorships and social responsibilities should be national 6. 0Conclusions To enter and operate in international markets, particularly in developing country is very challenging because consumers are more price and quantity sensitive relatively to quality and other product features. Thus setting marketing strategies to penetrate these markets becomes very difficult. A proper decision is important, particularly on product decisions – it is important to have adaptive product than standardized; communications, to have an effective use of local media than multinational since reachability and coverage is very limited. Similarly, consumer should have some sense of ownership, and hence sponsorships and social responsibility are mostly valued. Heineken could think of franchising than importing strategy in order to penetrate the market. There is growth potentials which are not well utilized, and the brand has good image For Kilimanjaro, their positioning is perfect, and availability is good, and the products still have growth potentials if more marketing strategies will be initiated.

Views on Abortion essays

Views on Abortion essays All throughout American abortion remains one of the most debatable subjects of the current age. However, in this essay the issue in question is not primarily that of abortion. The main issue lies in when the fetus can be considered a person. An unwanted child is a sad thing, and the social problems which come with this child have no easy solutions. Single motherhood, financial destitution, child neglect, and urban overcrowding are some outcomes of an unwanted child. Several areas of this topic include history, medical, law, and Bible. From the history aspect, information will be brought forth as to church history and when certain groups saw a fetus as an individual. On the other hand, the medical perspective will show doctors opinions to when a fetus (by medical standards) is officially able to be considered a living individual. The law area of the subject covers when, where and on what grounds abortion was legalized. The final branch consists of Biblical interpretation and views on abortion from both pro-choice and pro-life views. The goal of these pages is to examine the intense subject of abortion from several perspectives, with the main focus centered around the question of when the fetus life as a person begins. Both pro-choice and pro-life supporters disagree on the subject. However, there is also agreement. A majority on both sides tend to agree that the life of a child is priceless and should be guarded under the full protection of the law. There is also a high number in agreement with the idea that a has the right to make decisions about her own body. The disagreement lies in when the fetus is considered a person, and thus is protected by the law. If one believes that the fetus is not a person, than the fetus is simply a part of the womans body, and contingent to her control. And with this opinion, any effort to take away from this control is a ...

The Value of Academic Debate

The Value of Academic Debate Decision-making (i.e parliamentary, presidential, etc.) and competitive debate (i.e. academic) are two major types of debate. In the United States, the major forms of competitive debate in high school include Policy Debate, Lincoln-Douglas Debate, and Public Forum Debate. The outcome of Policy Debate according to literature is either a resolution of fact (ex. â€Å"Resolved: O.J. Simpson murdered his wife Nicole†), value (ex. â€Å"Resolved: Civil disobedience is justified in a democracy†), or policy (â€Å"Resolved: The United States should change its foreign policy toward China†) while the Lincoln-Douglas Debate yield resolution of value. The outcome of the Public Forum Debate, on the other hand, is mostly resolution of policy. High school competitive debates appear addressing social issues, reuniting its division, and establishing a moral order within the particular academic level. This type of debate is exclusive to high school and college and mainly participated by gifted adolescents engaging in brutal arguments, making claims, and depending conflicting ideas for social good. Moreover, competitive debate in this academic level is a reflection of American values, politics, and law. The long tradition of Academic Debate started in about 481 to 411 B.C. and persisted in American schools as an educational method in college and characterized by the debate tournament. A form of informal debate, academic debate merely allows students to systematically express their opinion and support their arguments with facts or evidence. They are designed to facilitate the development of advanced  speaking skills, improve critical thinking, and increase students’ confidence about participating in academic community discussions and dialogue. Get more information here: Unacceptable Words in Academic World The Importance of the Transitional Words and Phrases Service-Profit Value Chain Learning Moral Values in College Movies Human Dignity: How Is It Valued? The Value of Academic Debate Academic debate is simply defined as a debate conducted under the auspices of an educational institution aimed at providing educational opportunities for its students. The purpose of an academic debate is to allow evenly matched opponents to present balanced arguments and evidence about critical issues. Some of the benefits students gained from their debate experience include awareness and knowledge of social issues,  development of critical thinking and communication ability, appreciation of change, and respect for academic research. The philosophy of college debate, for example, is â€Å" to learn not to win† because the most important thing is to be able to present both sides of the issue and make a critical decision on matters concerning public interest. The debate in a college environment provides students opportunities to apply their knowledge of debate principles, develop proper attitudes and skills, and experience almost real-life debates. More importantly, debating is to keep political and public issues alive in the hearts and minds of the academic community. The value of academic debate for some critics is limited to discussing social issues and developing students’ attitudes and abilities. Others see it as a structured academic game with self-actualization and enjoyment as goals. In practice, however, academic debate influenced some of the most critical issues in society. For example, the goals and rationales of criminal punishment according to literature were not the only outcome of evolving criminal procedures and customs but painstaking academic debate. Another is a  strong influence of academic debate on public attitude and government policy towards the harmful effect of some media content such portrayal of sex and violence, food consumption and eating disorders, and direct behavioral effect of television advertising on children.

Millennial Management Style in today's generation Essay

Millennial Management Style in today's generation - Essay Example Growing companies need this millennial generation who have innovative ideas that can help them improve performance. Deciding new millennial management style is extremely crucial for maximizing generation-Y potential in the companies. Therefore, the growing companies can win the generation game because with the millennial management style they can lead their managers and employees to help them perform better in the business world. Millennial management style is different from the conventional management style that is adopted by generation-X. The purpose of millennial management style is to satisfy generation-Y expectation in working force so that the millennial generation can perform at their best. This implementation positively impacts the future of growing company because of the rising number of generation-Y workers. The millennial generation expects active, involved leadership, income, personal enrichment, teamwork, and most importantly flexibility. Therefore, the growing companies must focus on following aspects to integrate the new millennial management style: Millennial management style applies flat management structure or teamwork based roles. The old tradition of a companys hierarchy structure doesnt work effectively in millennial management as in Generation-X Company. In millennial management, everyone has the same right to express his or her aspiration and his or her need for high interaction with his or her team. Set clear expectation with relationship-style focus appeals to millennial employees. When the company assigns a job or project to millennial employees, they should address the expectation with clear guidelines, priority, and intention that the millennial needs to follow. A clear expectation is very useful in millennial management system; this is because a companys management can set up a deadline that the millennial employees will fulfill when they submit the project. Autocracy leadership style doesnt work effectively in

My Trip to the Grocery Store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Trip to the Grocery Store - Essay Example On a hot summer’s day with the sun beating down on us, I was taken out to do some shopping with my mom. â€Å"Yes,† I responded, as my mother broke the news to me that we would be going to the most popular grocery store in Ahmadi City: the Sultan Center. This was located in Alshuwaikh and was some way out of the city. Although it took a long time to get there, this was quite a regular trip for me because I always enjoyed helping choose the food that would tie us over for the next week. As I had no concept of money at that stage in my life, I would pick up anything that took my fancy and places it in the shopping cart as fast as I could. To try and hide this from my mom, I would strategically place something else on top of it so that she would not notice anything suspicious. On this occasion, I wanted to find some chocolate. I loved chocolate! However, chocolate was not in its usual place. This was very confusing for me because it had always been in that one particular p lace without fail. Without giving it any thought at all, I was determined to set upon a mission to track down my beloved chocolate. I waited until the opportune moment—when my mother wasn’t looking—so that I could creep away as a spy would.   Very soon I had stumbled upon the candy aisle and began scanning the shelves for my beloved chocolate. After spending a couple of minutes looking, I was surprised to not be able to find what I was looking for. This had me really puzzled. Where could it be if not the candy aisle? I decided that the store must have been hiding it from me and so I continued my search for my prize. By this time, I realized that I had completely forgotten about my mom—she must have been worried sick. It was at this thought that a loud siren rang out over the intercom; although I could not comprehend what was being said. By now I had covered most of the store and could still not find the chocolate that I was looking for. My little legs were so tired from all the walking and crawling all over the store, so I sat down right where I was. All of the sudden the thought occurred to me that I had done a terrible thing—would I ever find my way back to my mom? I didn’t know what to do, so I be gan bawling my eyes out. It didn’t take long for a staff attendant to come over to me to see what the problem was. â€Å"What seems to be the matter,† they remarked. I communicated that I was lost and could not find my way back to my mother. The tall, blonde woman took the biscuits out of my hand and grabbed my hand. She reassured me that she would be taking me to a safe place where my mother would be able to find me. I climbed up the stairs and was placed on a chair in an office. This brought back memories of my trip to the dentist. At the thought of this, my tear started to flow. This was like my worst nightmare!

Personal Statement For University Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement For University Essay My intended major is Economics. My main interest in Economics lies in the field of macroeconomics and the principles that are involved. Macroeconomics has a way of showing how different policies are intertwined; such has policies in Healthcare regarding retirement benefits to how the world’s interest rate plays a role in our daily banking activities. When I graduated from kindergarten, I lived in Shanghai for a while because of my father’s job. At that time, of course I could not speak Chinese so I faced language barrier. However, I had such as experience so I have been interested in Chinese and other countries’ culture from my parents’ influence. I started to learn English, French (when I was junior high school student) and Chinese (when I was high school student) and I went to classroom which is for studying Japanese for foreigner country children to assist. To be interested in learning foreign languages lead me to be interested in foreign countries’ culture and also I felt strongly interested in economics such as what my country economy is, how economic growth is going on in the world, if America economics situation changed, how it influenced to the world and so on with age. From that I started to be interested in activities of international authorization and it led me to be interested in the United Nations. On 12 May, 2008 Sichuan earthquake made me focus on world economics more than before. The earthquake killed many children. I had strong impact when I watched on TV. Some parents said â€Å"My child died because of school building is an old! Children who are rich could go good quality building school so they could survive! This is not a Natural disaster! This is Man-made disaster! †. Some of children â€Å"I want to say thank you to my school to save my life†. It told the gap between rich people and poor people. I had very big mistake thinking that in China’s economy is growing up very much so I thought the gap between rich and poor is going to disappear. I want to remove this gap so I want to study about world economics and I want to work for United Nation. I am not a greedy or selfish person. I am driven, straightforward and ambitious. I know what I want to be in life and I know how to get what I want. I too have come to love consumerist America and all the creature comforts that it promises to those who can afford them. While I have no intention of becoming a Donald Trump, I do wish for a comfortable life for myself and my family. To be able to provide for my family and to ensure that my children will also have the same opportunities to succeed in life as I have by getting a good education at not only the college level but a Masters degree as well in their chosen professions.

Importance of Debate in John Milton’s Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Importance of Debate in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Paradise Lost Is an epic novel depicting the creation of the world and Man's fall from grace. It also shows the fall of Lucifer and his entrapment in Hell with other arch demons. Though Lucifer was one of the most beautiful angels, he became the most hideous of creatures in hell as Satan, the most powerful demigod-god. Satan resents God for the punishment that he has received and seeks revenge on Him. Satan knows, however, that he and his forces are no match for the might of Heaven, so he calls for a debate among his devilish council to work through their options. John Milton portrays the arch-demons of hell like members of the Senate, toiling over how to get back at God. The arguments are similar only in that they all believe that some course of action must be taken, but in most ways they are vastly different. Each debate builds on the last until the best compromise is met. Satan begins the debate with his opening remarks. He sounds hopeful, even though he knows that Hell is no match for God. Satan then yields the floor to Moloch, who argues the most extreme course of action. He believes that a full out war on Heaven is the only way to seek revenge on God. Moloch's speech was the first argument so the other demons were the most open minded about his ideas. Belial then took the stand, though he had a far different view than Moloch's. Belial can see that they are no match for the power of God, and therefore denizens of Hell should be benign and hope that God pities them. In other words, Belial is ready to give up because he recognizes that their hands are tied. He is hoping that God wants them to realize this and will allow them back into heaven for admitting that He is superior. Belial's argument is the complete opposite of Moloch's in that he believes in repentance, not revenge. Mammon disagrees totally with Belial's argument. He thinks that because they have been banished from heaven and become so obviously hideous, there is no longer any place for them there. He believes that they are forever banished to Hell and they should make the most of their situation. Repentance is not an option in his mind. According to Mammon, the arch-demons should make the most of a bad situation.

Prose Text Assignment Of Mice and Men Essay

‘Of Mice and Men’ is about two basic needs – the need for companionship and the need to have something to look forward to. I agree the above statement, all of the characters in the story all experience some form of loneliness. Every one of the characters has a different dream in each one is trying to fulfil it in a different way. The story of Of Mice and Men was set in the period of American history called the ‘Depression’. This period of history lasted from roughly from 1930 to the start of World War 2 (1939). In this period nearly all the companies and banks went bust the stock market crashed and peoples savings disappeared when the banks closed. People very suddenly where very poor. Most people where unemployed, and with unemployment came poverty, hunger and homelessness. It was very difficult to buy food or pay the rent. In America during the ‘Depression’ men travelled in order to find work. Few travelling men could form lasting friendships because they had to keep moving on. A man travelling alone was more vulnerable to being attacked imprisoned or just very lonely. Of Mice and Men is a story based on two men who travel America together looking for work. George travels with his mentally handicapped friend called Lennie. The pair of them has nothing of their own, only the clothes they stand in and each other. Together they share a dream, that one day they will own some land of their own. They find work in a ranch in Satinas Valley, California. They meet of few people on the ranch but find it hard to make new friends. Their dream is soon ruined as Lennie misunderstands the difference between love and cruelty and becomes a victim of his own strength and power. He becomes friends with the only women on the ranch and forms a good friendship with Curley’s Wife. Their friendship soon turns to love and they start to develop a physical relationship, Lennie doesn’t know his own strength and grabs hold of her to hard and strangles her. Everyone finds out and Lennie is threatened with the prospect of being locked up in a mental institution or being executed by the government, so George saves him from this by shooting him. Crookes works as the sable buck hand on the ranch. He first appears in the story on pages 66-82. He is a crippled old man who gets his name from the way his spines bends (crooked). He has deep eyes and looks intense with his face, which is lean and wrinkled. On the ranch he is of a minority as he is the only black person on the ranch, which means he suffers a lot of prejudice remarks from other people. He is a very lonely man, and can often be bitter towards people he doesn’t trust. Particularly white people, as he’s not sure he can trust them. Crookes has is own room on the ranch, as none of the other men want him to stop in the bunkhouse. The only person Crookes can talk to is Lennie, although Lennie doesn’t understand what he is saying as he is mentally handicapped. Crookes seems to like tormenting Lennie and sometimes says some very nasty things to him. Crookes however has more possessions than the other men has he has been on the ranch nearly all his life. He has little money but still has managed to gather some things of his own e.g. books and a dictionary. He is a very proud man and doesn’t like to ask anyone for anything, even though he is crippled he still manages to keep his room neatly swept and is quite ‘aloof’. Crookes suffers from a lot of loneliness, as he is the only black person on the ranch. However he often has the chance to avoid loneliness but rejects it, Lennie tries to speak to him and befriend him but instead of trying to make friends he wallows in self-pity. He is very critical of other people an their dreams and hopes. He tells Candy he will help him fulfil his dreams, but afterwards when he has built his hopes up he tells him he was messing around and won’t help him at all. He has probably spent all of his life on the ranch and thinks there is no way for him to leave, so he has given up hope and lost ambition. George along with Lennie is the main character in the story. He is a short man but is very quick. He is ‘dark of the face’ and has eyes, which appear very restless. He is described as sharp and strong with body parts that are small and strong. His arms are slender and strong and he has a thin boney nose. George wears the same clothes as his companion Lennie; black hats, denim trousers and coat, and carries a blanket over his shoulder. George is rather a unsung hero of the story, he certainly lacks no courage. He has looked after Lennie for a long time, and spares his friend from loneliness. He stops Lennie from being locked up in a mental institution or being executed by the state government. He shoots Lennie but for his own good. Some people may think he did it for selfish reasons as h has looked after Lennie for a long time and is fed up of him. He did it because he cares about Lennie and didn’t want him to suffer loneliness and depression. He cares about Lennie and saved him from what he knows would be worse than death. George would have probably been able to make a good life for himself if it wasn’t for Lennie. George is an intelligent good thinking man, who is very sensible and used to taking charge. He cares a lot about Lennie and is always looking out for him, he is very cautious and warns Lennie about drinking the dirty pond water and tells him to be careful of the bedding at the bunkhouse in case he catches lice. George accepted the burden of looking after Lennie when Lennie Aunt Clara asked him. Without Lennie George would be very lonely, he and Lennie share a big brother-little brother kind of relationship. George has loyally stuck by Lennie throughout everything and having someone to look after and that depends on him makes George feel a better person. Georges longs for independence and would love to be his own boss. George is a kind hearted and compassionate person he sometimes gets frustrated but doesn’t have a bad temper. He is very careful on who he trusts and is very careful when he meets people. He has to be a good judge of character and know who to trust and who not to, because of his and Lennie’s past. George is kind to everyone but he hates Curley he knows that he is nothing more than a bully. He tells Lennie to keep away from him as they cant afford to loose their jobs. However he encourages Lennie to stand up for himself against him. The only thing in life holding him back is Lennie. Lennie is a big man; he has a shapeless face and big pale eyes. He walks slowly but heavily, emphasising how slow his mind is. He has very strong instincts and has bad feeling about staying at the ranch and pleads with George for them to leave. He shows a cunning side and often uses it in getting his own way with George. In the first part of the story Lennie shows us this by using emotional blackmail. George looses his temper so Lennie tells him he is going to live in the woods alone, so George feels sorry for him so he tells him to come back. Lennie has a lot of animal-like qualities, which shows us his strength. He looks up to George like a father or big brother and often copies his ways. As Lennie is mentally handicapped he is unaware of the he is a victim of prejudice remarks and is unable to elate to many people, this often makes his behaviour childlike. Lennie would rather have the company of animals. However is his made to be a likeable character, Candy likes him and even Crookes warms to him. Lennie doesn’t understand he needs to be careful with fragile things and is very heavy handed and doesn’t learn from his mistakes. He reacts very much like a child and often panics. Lennie’s major problem is that he doesn’t know the consequences of his own strength. Lennie doesn’t understand loneliness but if he knew what it meant then he would probably be very lonely but because he is mentally handicapped he has no understanding of this feeling. He understands the need to have something important to look forward to. Lennie’s dream is very important to him; he nearly knows it all his self. He his always-getting George to tell it him over and over again like a child who loves to be told a bedtime story. At the end of the story Lennie has two hallucinations, one with his Aunt Clara in and the other with a giant rabbit in. This could be the author’s way of outlining the abuse Lennie has suffered through his life. Or it could be Lennie conscience telling him that he has done wrong, even though he doesn’t understand how it was wrong. Curley’s wife is an important character in the story, but the author is showing ho little the men think of her by giving her no name. She is seen to be nothing more than one of Curley’s possessions. When we are first introduced she is dressed up as if she is going out somewhere important when in fact all she is doing is staying on the ranch. She has large lips which are emphasised by the red lipstick she wears, she wears lots of make-up, red nail varnish, red shoes, red ostrich feathers and has her hair fastened back in curls. She wears a lot of the colour red, which shows a lot about her. Red is a colour, which is associated with lots of different things, mainly blood that is a clue, her death is near. It is also associated with danger, which is telling you do not get involved with this person she is bad news. Red is commonly regarded as a sexy colour, she is probably trying to show her self to the men as in the story she is displayed as a Scarlet Women. Often she pretends to be looking for her husband but the men know that she is just looking for an excuse, as she is looking for company, as she is lonely, although the men see it as she is just flirting with them. She is the only woman on the ranch, which is a disadvantage, and often gets little attention from anyone including her husband. Many people may think she has it all a husband and a house, but she is just as lonely if not more than any worker on the ranch. She doesn’t think a lot of her husband, which probably means she just married him for the sake of it, the only things they have in common is that their both very selfish. Slim is one of the only people to be kind to her, George feels sorry for her but is worried on the effect she has on Lennie. However her and Lennie get on well and start to develop a physical relationship. Lennie who doesn’t know how to be careful with fragile things takes things to far and ends up strangling her. Candy is the first person George and Lennie meet when they arrive at the ranch. He is the swamper, which is like a cleaner, the lowliest job on the ranch. His name is even belittles him, it’s a girls name. He is a tall man who only has one hand. He is a victim also of prejudice remarks because of his age and disability. He is careful of everyone because he doesn’t want people to tease him. He never sticks up for himself, the only time he did was with Curley’s wife. He has a lot of dignity, which shows the kind of person he once was. Candy has lots of gossip on everyone, which could be seen as getting is own back on people who has upset him by making comments about people behind their back. He always tells the newcomers the gossip on everyone. He is a lonely person and the only companion he has is an old dog. The animal is old and probably needs to be out down but means a lot to candy as he is so lonely. Candy would love to leave the ranch and when he finds out about George and Lennie’s plan he wants to help, and offer to give them his savings, which would easily cover the cost of over half the farm. George, Lennie and Candy thought that in only a couple of weeks their dream to leave the ranch and own a farm would come true. All of the characters in this story are lonely the person I think is the most lonely is George. He has no real friends the only person he has to talk to is Lennie but he doesn’t fully understand what he is saying.

Explain the Formation of Stereotypes and Their Effect on Behavior (Guideline)

Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior (guideline) Introduction †¢What is a Stereotype? A stereotype is a widely held mental picture that represents an oversimplified, prejudiced, or uncritical judgment, which can be either a positive or negative generalization. †¢The explanation of stereotypes lies in the behaviors of socio-cultural groups and/or individuals, where they determine a certain ‘image’ of particular group. Many studies have been carried out to explain the formations of stereotypes, which include: Social-Cognitive Theory, Group Theory, and Social Representation Theory (Moscovici, 1973). However, I will be using Social-Cognitive Theory and studies done by Steele & Aronson (1995) and Hamilton & Gifford (1976) to support my explanation of the formation of stereotypes and their effects on behaviors. 1 Paragraph Social-Cognitive Theory suggests that, stereotype formation are based on the following reasoning: oOur social world i s very complex and presents us with an overabundance of information oSince our capacity to process information is limited there is a need to simplify our social world oOne of the ways in which we avoid information overload is social categorization oThe categories used in social categorization are stereotypes. †¢One source of stereotype is illusory correlations, which was claimed by Hamilton and Gifford (1976). Illusory correlation is when individuals assume a relationship between two variables, they tend to overestimate the degree of correlation – or see a correlation where none exists. †¢For example, â€Å"women† and â€Å"the ability to drive well†. It is believed that when we see these two variables we will conclude that â€Å"women cannot drive well†. Once the illusory correlation is made, the individuals tend to seek, notice and remember the information that supports the belief, which brings us to our second source of stereotypes, confirmation bias. Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for new information that confirms our ideas and overlook information that contradicts what we think. †¢By using confirmation bias we gather more evidence to support our illusory correlation. For example, when we have the illusory correlation that â€Å"women cannot drive well† then we will tend to find more bad female drivers while ignoring good female drivers (e. g. female race drivers). 2 paragraphs After, stereotypes are formed has a major effect on the behavior of the subject of the stereotype, which is called the stereotype threat. †¢Stereotype threat refers to the performance impairment that results when individuals asked to carry out some task and made aware of a negative stereotype held against them regarding their groups’ ability to perform well in a task. †¢Stereotype threat is cued by the mere recognition that a negative group stereotype could apply to you in the given situation. And even if the person may not believe the stereotype, he or she may experience a threat. †¢Steele, who is the person who first came up with the idea of stereotype, created an experiment with Aronson to demonstrate that stereotype threat can undermine intellectual performance. †¢Steele & Aronson (1995) used common stereotype that Black Americans are unintelligent and academically untalented to create the experiment and gave a test under two conditions. The test was said to be highly related to academic ability and that it was just a laboratory exercise. The findings were astonishing. When the task was described as ‘unimportant or when participants were not asked to record their ‘race’, the black and white students did equally well. However, when the test was said to be for ‘academic ability’ or when ‘race’ was recorded, clack students did less well. †¢Using his findings, Steele (1997) was able to conclude that spotlight anxi ety is responsible for stereotype threats because the emotional distress and pressure can undermine performance. 3 paragraphs Although many of the psychologists have confidence in their theories I can evaluate that investigating stereotypes is difficult because of the social desirability effect. Moreover, researchers are instead using implicit measures of prejudice such as the IAT (Implicit Association Test) which has its own array of problems. Conclusion †¢In conclusion stereotypes are formed by social categorization, which leads to the social-cognitive theory, whereas their effects of behaviors are affected by believing certain traits (illusionary correlation) and confirmation bias demonstrates that we can percept the traits to influence our behavior.

Press and Politics essays

Press and Politics essays Attitudes of different press to the withdrawal of the anti-subversion bill In this project, we are going to look into different attitudes of a number of newspapers in HK to the controversy issue C withdrawal of the anti-subversion bill, which sparked massive street protests and triggered the territory's worst political crisis since 1997. To make it clearer, it is a postponement of the legislation procedure of the national security bill only, but not a cancellation of the Article 23. First, we can take a look on the editorial of MingPao (see reference article no.1) on 2003-09-06. Actually, we can see the general attitude of newspapers in Hong Kong hold attitudes more or less similar.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ãƒâ€™Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢" ³Ãƒâ€°  Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¹Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¡23-l ¡Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¡  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ We support the legislation of the Article 23 in the Basic Law  ¡Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¡ MingPao support the legislation, but more consultation and consideration is needed before the implementation.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ³ÃƒËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¸Ã‚ °Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡ÃƒÆ'à ·Ãƒâ€"Ç µÃƒâ€žÃƒ »Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€ºÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€™iÃ…  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ the withdrawal of the national security bill  ¡Ã‚ ­ is wise, it meets the will of Hong Kong People ¡ So, the postponement of the bill is welcomed, and they generally think it can do goods to the economy.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ãƒâ€™Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€¢JÃ… ¾ÃƒÅ'Ø...^Õà ¾Ã‚ ¸ÃƒË†Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€°iÇà ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¡23-lß^ ³ÃƒÅ'Ëà ¹Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žeÕ` ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ€" ¸Ãƒâ€žÃƒâ€"ƒÆÆ ÇÓÑ ¼Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ¡ ÄÒÃÆ' µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€"à ·iLi Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¾Ãƒâ€"ÃŽÅ ¾Ãƒâ€žyßà ¾^m ³F ¡  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ if the government does not change its working style of  ¡listening to the supporters voice only ¡Ã‚ ¯,  ¡making everyone either frie...

World War I Flying Ace Rene Fonck

World War I Flying Ace Rene Fonck Colonel Rene Fonck was the top-scoring Allied fighter ace of World War I. Scoring his first victory in August 1916, he went on to down 75 German aircraft during the course of the conflict. After World War I, Fonck later returned to the military and served until 1939. Dates:  March 27, 1894 –  June 18, 1953   Early Life Born on March 27, 1894, Renà © Fonck was raised in the village of Saulcy-sur-Meurthe in the mountainous Vosges region of France. Educated locally, he had an interest in aviation as a youngster. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Fonck received conscription papers on August 22. Despite his earlier fascination with aircraft, he elected not to take an assignment in the air service and, instead, joined the combat engineers. Operating along the Western Front, Fonck constructed fortifications and repaired infrastructure. Though a skilled engineer, he reconsidered in early 1915 and volunteered for flight training. Learning to Fly Ordered to Saint-Cyr, Fonck commenced basic flight instruction before moving to more advanced training at Le Crotoy. Progressing through the program, he earned his wings in May 1915 and was assigned to Escadrille C 47 at Corcieux. Serving as an observation pilot, Fonck initially flew the ungainly Caudron G III. In this role, he performed well and was mentioned in dispatches twice. Flying in July 1916, Fonck downed his first German aircraft. Despite this triumph, he did not receive credit as the kill went unconfirmed. The following month, on August 6, Fonck achieved his first credited kill when he used a series of maneuvers to force a German Rumpler C.III to land behind French lines. Becoming a Fighter Pilot For Foncks actions on August 6, he received the Medaille Militaire the following year. Continuing observation duties, Fonck scored another kill on March 17, 1917. A highly veteran pilot, Fonck was asked to join the elite Escadrille les Cigognes (The Storks) on April 15. Accepting, he commenced fighter training and learned to fly the SPAD S.VII. Flying with les Cigognes Escadrille S.103, Fonck soon proved to be a lethal pilot and achieved ace status in May. As the summer progressed, his score continued to increase despite taking leave in July. Having learned from his earlier experiences, Fonck was always concerned about proving his kill claims. On September 14, he went to the extreme of retrieving the barograph of an observation aircraft he downed to prove his version of events. A ruthless hunter in the air, Fonck preferred to avoid dogfighting and stalked his prey for prolonged periods before striking quickly. A gifted marksman, he often downed German aircraft with extremely short bursts of machine gun fire. Understanding the value of enemy observation aircraft and their role as artillery spotters, Fonck focused his attention on hunting and eliminating them from the skies. Allied Ace of Aces During this period, Fonck, like Frances leading ace, Captain Georges Guynemer, began flying the limited production SPAD S.XII. Largely similar to the SPAD S.VII, this aircraft featured a hand-loaded 37mm Puteaux cannon firing through the propeller boss. Though an unwieldy weapon, Fonck claimed 11 kills with the cannon. He continued with this aircraft until transitioning to the more powerful SPAD S.XIII. Following Guynemers death on September 11, 1917, the Germans claimed that the French ace had been shot down by Lieutenant Kurt Wisseman. On the 30th, Fonck downed a German aircraft which was found to have been flown by a Kurt Wisseman. Learning this, he boasted that he had become the tool of retribution. Subsequent research has shown the aircraft downed by Fonck was most likely flown by a different Wisseman. Despite poor weather in October, Fonck claimed 10 kills (4 confirmed) in only 13 hours of flying time. Taking leave in December to be married, his total stood at 19 and he received the Là ©gion dhonneur. Resuming flying on January 19, Fonck scored two confirmed kills. Adding another 15 to his tally through April, he then embarked on a remarkable May. Goaded by a bet with squadron mates Frank Baylies and Edwin C. Parsons, Fonck downed six German aircraft in a three-hour span on May 9. The next several weeks saw the Frenchmen rapidly build his total and, by July 18, he had tied Guynemers record of 53. Passing his fallen comrade the next day, Fonck reached 60 by the end of August. Continuing to have success in September, he repeated his feat of downing six in one day, including two Fokker D.VII fighters, on the 26th. The final weeks of the conflict saw Fonck overtake leading Allied ace Major William Bishop. Scoring his final victory on November 1, his total finished at 75 confirmed kills (he submitted claims for 142) making him the Allied Ace of Aces. Despite his stunning success in the air, Fonck was never embraced by the public in the same way as Guynemer. Possessing a withdrawn personality, he seldom socialized with other pilots and instead preferred to focus on improving his aircraft and planning tactics. When Fonck did socialize, he proved to be an arrogant egotist. His friend Lieutenant Marcel Haegelen stated that though a slashing rapier in the sky, on the ground Fonck was a tiresome braggart, and even a bore. Postwar Leaving the service after the war, Fonck took time to write his memoirs. Published in 1920, they were prefaced by Marshal Ferdinand Foch. He also was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1919. He remained in this position until 1924 as a representative for Vosges. Continuing to fly, he performed as a racing and demonstration pilot. During the 1920s, Fonck worked with Igor Sikorsky in an attempt to win the Orteig Prize for the first nonstop flight between New York and Paris. On September 21, 1926, he attempted the flight in a modified Sikorsky S-35 but crashed on takeoff after one of the landing gears collapsed. The prize was won the following year by Charles Lindbergh. As the interwar years passed, Foncks popularity fell as his abrasive personality soured his relationship with the media. Returning to the military in 1936, Fonck received the rank of lieutenant colonel and later served as Inspector of Pursuit Aviation. Retiring in 1939, he was later drawn into the Vichy government by Marshal Philippe Petain during World War II. This was largely due to Petains desire to utilize Foncks aviation connections to Luftwaffe leaders Hermann Gà ¶ring and Ernst Udet. The aces reputation was damaged in August 1940, when a spurious report was issued stating that he had recruited 200 French pilots for the Luftwaffe. Eventually escaping Vichy service, Fonck returned to Paris where he was arrested by the Gestapo and held at the Drancy internment camp. With the end of World War II, an inquiry cleared Fonck of any charges pertaining to collaboration with the Nazis and he was later awarded the Certificate of Resistance. Remaining in Paris, Fonck died suddenly on June 18, 1953. His remains were buried in his native village of Saulcy-sur-Meurthe. Selected Sources First World War: Rene FonckAce Pilots: Rene FonckThe Aerodrome: Rene Fonck

The Components of the Multi-Media Employment Market Essay

The Components of the Multi-Media Employment Market - Essay Example The researcher states that many people today believe, that multi-media will fundamentally change the way people learn, communicate and entertain themselves. This can be done because people can now choose and customise how and what information they receive and when it is received. Unlike linear media like film and video multi-media users can interact and direct the sequence, speed and other aspects of the presentation†. For this especially skilled professionals have specific knowledge and skills. This essay aims to explore what actually multi-media is in the context of being an avenue of employment for millions on a global scale. It reports the characteristics of the employment market in this fast-growing sector of the global economy. It states the types of jobs that are universally accepted as being a part of the multi-media ambit and the professional and personal skills and requirements that are necessary to compete successfully. The researcher of this essay also explores the kinds of work that have to be successfully undertaken by incumbents in the various job profiles within multi-media. It is also mentioned that multi-media is being increasingly used in other devices today, such as mobile phones and kiosks. It is also being used pervasively in advertising products through electronic media. In conclusion, the researcher states that the scope for employment in multi-media is thus increasing at a pace, which is more than in many other innovative sector of industry worldwide.

Foundations of Business Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundations of Business Knowledge - Essay Example In any working environment, the implementation of management as well as the establishment of communication and relationships becomes more effective if there is a complete understanding of each individual’s traits and capabilities so every working person can be further managed, motivated and developed. Understanding one’s personality and becoming familiar with his or her learning style is an effective means of determining ambivalent qualities that are hard to pin down (Spender & Scherer, 2007). Through the use of self-assessment tests, learning styles indicators and personality tests, individuals are helped in developing self-awareness that is extremely essential when working with any organization (Atherton, 2003). Consequently, companies will be able to support others in achieving self-awareness and working further towards development. They will also be able to improve their level of knowledge of how they can understand and motivate their employees, which will eventuall y aid them to function better in the workplace and even within their personal lives. In turn, these organizations may attain benefits from the improved performance and effectiveness of their employees; desirable outcomes for the organization include increased productivity, enhanced sense of collaboration, and sustained efforts towards self-development. To understand various personality types has been proven valuable for any company as they are able to appreciate their value, strengths and qualities in relation to their contribution to the organization’s goals (Malone, Crowstone & Herman, 2003). Organizational members develop an understanding that their differences are primarily based on their personalities and thus have to find ways of leveraging on such differences rather than allowing these to deter them from reaching organizational goals. Furthermore, aside from managing

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

This I Believe - Essay Example In the rush, my father happened to put a small dent in another car. Because of our pressing need, we sped off as fast as we could. When we arrived at the company, my father was told that the general manager was not there yet and we would have to wait. This was a relief because we were involved in a small accident to try and get here on time and now we actually had more time than we needed. I asked my father about the small incident on the road but he said that there was nothing that we could do about it and it was an accident anyway. Finally, the general manager turned up and my father went in to see him. Me and my mother waited outside for about 30 minutes until my father came out. I could tell from the look on his face that something was wrong. I asked him whether he had received the job or not and he replied positively. Then I said to him why he looked so sad if he had been hired. My father responded that the manager had told him that someone had crashed into the back of him on hi s way to the building and then sped off without stopping. My father said he felt a sense of guilt. I told him that he should tell his new manager about the incident and the fact that he was the other driver. My father replied that he would probably lose his new job, but there is no way that he could hide this fact from his new boss. So he went and told his new manager. Surprisingly, the manager said that it was okay and he appreciated my father’s honesty and responsibility. Even more shocking was the fact that my father still had a job. His boss told him that he needed employees who he could trust, and that my father was one of

Implications Of Different Sources Of Finance Finance Essay

Implications Of Different Sources Of Finance Finance Essay This assignment will look at the different sources of finance that are available to a small business or a big company. With each source of finance listed the report will assess the implications that can arise and along with this the report will look at the cost to the business to taking a curtain source of finance. All businesses need short-term finance from the very beginning to start up the business and to cover day-to-day running costs. This provides the business with working capital. However businesses also need long-term capital to help them to grow and expand, and this is paid back over a number of years. Without finance a business would find it difficult to accomplish anything. For my assignment purpose I have chosen two companys they are sainsbury and tesco respectly, source of finance can be define into two ways such as internal source of finance and external source of finance. Source of Internal finace fro both company are as follows: Personal savings: This is most often an option for small businesses where the owner has some savings available to use as they wish. Practically both sainsbury and tesco depends on their savings for source of finance. Retained profit: This is profit already made that has been set aside to reinvest in the business. It could be used for new machinery, marketing and advertising, vehicles or a new IT system. Working capital: This is short-term money that is reserved for day-to-day expenses such as stationery, salaries, rent, bills and invoice payments. Sales of assets: There may be surplus fixed assets, such as buildings and machinery that could be sold to generate money for new areas. Decisions to sell items that are still used should be made carefully as it could affect capacity to deliver existing products and services. External Source of financing: Shares: Limited companies could look to sell additional shares, to new or existing shareholders, in exchange for a return on their investment. Loans: There are debenture loans, with fixed or variable interest, which are usually secured against the asset being invested in, so the loan company will have a legal shared interest in the investment. This means that the company would not be able to sell the asset without the lenders prior agreement. In addition the lender will take priority over the owners and shareholders if the business should fail and the cost will have to be repaid even if a loss is made. There are other types of loan for fixed amounts with fixed repayment schedules. These may be considered a little more flexible than debenture loans. Overdraft: A bank overdraft may be a good source of short-term finance to help a business flatten seasonal dips in cash-flow, which would not justify or need a long-term solution. The advantage here is that interest is calculated daily and an overdraft is therefore cheaper than a loan. Hire purchase: Hire purchase arrangements enable a firm to acquire an asset quickly without paying the full-price for it. The company will have exclusive use of the item for a set period of time and then have the option to either return it or buy it at a reduced price. This is often used to fund purchases of vehicles, machinery and printers. Credit from suppliers: Many invoices have payment terms of 30 days or longer. A company can take the maximum amount of time to pay and use the money in the interim period to finance other things. This method should be treated with caution to ensure that the invoice is still paid on time or else the firm might risk upsetting the supplier and jeopardise the future working relationship and terms of business. It should also be remembered that its not found money but rather a careful balancing act of cash-flow. Grants: Grants are often available from councils and other Government bodies for specific issues. For example there may be a council priority to regenerate a particular area of a town and who are happy to help fund refurbishment of buildings. Alternatively there may be an organisation that specialises in helping young entrepreneurs to launch new businesses. Assessment for grants can be very competitive, is very individual and not automatic. Venture capital: This source is most often used in the early stages of developing a new business. There may be a huge risk of failure but the potential returns may also be big. This is a high risk source as the venture capitalist will be looking for a share in the firms equity and a strong return on their investment. However the significant experience these investors have in running businesses could prove valuable to the company. This is what the TV programme Dragons Den is all about! Factoring: This involves a company outsourcing its invoicing arrangements to an external organisation. It immediately allows the company to receive money based on the value of its outstanding invoices as well as to receive payment of future invoices more quickly. It works by the firm making a sale, sending the invoice to the customer, copying the invoice to the factoring company and the factoring company paying an agreed percentage of that invoice, usually 80% within 24 hours. There are fees involved to cover credit management, administration charges, interest and credit protection charges. This must be weighed up against the benefit gained in maximising cash flow, a reduction in the time spent chasing payments and access to a more sophisticated credit control system. The downside is that customers may prefer to deal direct with the company selling the goods or services. In addition ending the relationship could be tricky as the sales ledger would have to be repurchased. Money is a scarce resource and each source has its own advantages and disadvantages. Lenders will be looking for a return on investment, the size of the risk and the flexibility with which they can get their money back when they want or need it. For the company seeking money, the decision as to the best source will ultimately depend on what the money is for, how long the money is needed for, the cost of borrowing and whether the firm can afford the repayments. Task 2: The launch of Clubcard in Thailand in August this year extends Tescos loyalty cards operation further across the globe, and belatedly brings Thailands biggest retailer into a loyalty card market which already contains offers from Carrefour, Tops and Big C. It will clearly be big: in its first three weeks Clubcard gained more members (two million) than competitor Carrefours I-Wish card has accumulated since its launch in 2007. The recent launch in Malaysia has resulted in 70% of scanned transactions being covered by Clubcard. The benefits to Tesco are clear. Their dominance of the UK market has been underpinned by Clubcard, and whilst their latest campaign to double points has yet to prove effective (Tesco growth in the period still lags Asda*, a competitor which does not use a loyalty card), there is a consensus amongst industry observers that it has historically been a critical part of their marketing mix. The benefits to manufacturers are less clear; and one suspects criticism of ones biggest customer would naturally be muted. So what are the implications for Tescos suppliers and how should they respond to Clubcard? Clubcard is a loyalty card, and is designed to encourage shoppers to use a particular chain more. In its simplest incarnation a loyalty card gives rewards, usually in the form of discounts against future purchases, based on how much is spent. Because Clubcard registers who did the shopping, it is possible for Tesco (through their partners Dunnhumby, majority-owned by Tesco), to analyze who buys what, which should enable activities such as promotions to be better targeted. So, for example, a coffee supplier could target their next promotion only at shoppers who bought the competitor product. The targeting of promotions offers a theoretical improvement in effectiveness, but the real boon is the potential to effectively evaluate activities knowing which shoppers bought adds useful data to a promotion evaluation which is currently limited to whether sales went up or not. Clubcard promises suppliers much: Insight into shoppers, more efficient promotions, and unprecedented access to new in-store media opportunities. Suppliers will need to evaluate the potential benefits of the Clubcard offer against the inevitable associated costs. Yet it clearly has limitations: Clubcard in Thailand has two million card holders, yet with Tesco enjoying 25% of the Thai retail market, their total number of shoppers must be significantly higher than this. So how skewed is the sample, how representative, and what is missing? Task 3 Choosing the Right Source of Finance A business needs to assess the different types of finance based on the following criteria: Amount of money required a large amount of money is not available through some sources and the other sources of finance may not offer enough flexibility for a smaller amount. How quickly the money is needed the longer a business can spend trying to raise the money, normally the cheaper it is. However it may need the money very quickly (say if had to pay a big wage bill which if not paid would mean the factory would close down). The business would then have to accept a higher cost. The cheapest option available the cost of finance is normally measured in terms of the extra money that needs to be paid to secure the initial amount the typical cost is the interest that has to be paid on the borrowed amount. The cheapest form of money to a business comes from its trading profits. The amount of risk involved in the reason for the cash a project which has less chance of leading to a profit is deemed more risky than one that does. Potential sources of finance (especially external sources) take this into account and may not lend money to higher risk business projects, unless there is some sort of guarantee that their money will be returned. The length of time of the requirement for finance a good entrepreneur will judge whether the finance needed is for a long-term project or short term and therefore decide what type of finance they wish to use. Short Term and Long Term Finance Short-term finance is needed to cover the day to day running of the business. It will be paid back in a short period of time, so less risky for lenders. Long-term finance tends to be spent on large projects that will pay back over a longer period of time. More risky so lenders tend to ask for some form of insurance or security if the company is unable to repay the loan. A mortgage is an example of secured long-term finance. The main types of short-term finance are: Overdraft Suppliers credit Working capital The main types of long-term finance that are available for to a business are: Mortgages Bank loans Share issue Debentures Retained profits Hire purchase Internal and External Finance Internal finance comes from the trading of the business. External finance comes from individuals or organisations that do not trade directly with the business e.g. banks. Internal finance tends to be the cheapest form of finance since a business does not need to pay interest on the money. However it may not be able to generate the sums of money the business is looking for, especially for larger uses of finance. Examples of internal finance are: Day to day cash from sales to customers. Money loaned from trade suppliers through extended credit. Reductions in the amount of stock held by the business. Disposal (sale) of any surplus assets no longer needed (e.g. selling a company car). Examples of external finance are: An overdraft from the bank. A loan from a bank or building society. The sale of new shares through a share issue. Task 4 All lenders charge interest on their loans and this is the major element in the cost of the finance. Building societies and banks have variable interest rates which may vary according to the size of the loan. However, there are other charges that are normally involved in arraning a mortgage: Arrangement fees Banks and building societies do not always charge arrangement or setup fees, but many lenders do charge them, particularly for some of the specialist mortgages described later in this guide. Arrangement fees are typically in the range of  £100  £400. Valuers report In order to protect its security, the lender will want to be sure that the house is worth the sale price, so will alwas insist on a valuation for mortgage purposes. This will be carried out by a qualified surveyor, who will charge a survey fee, paid by the borrower. The lenders survey aims to establish if the value of the house is enough to protect the lenders security. It does not mean that the property is free from any defects. It is therefore recommended that house buyers obtain a homebuyers report or a full survey to ensure that they are aware of any problems. This will increase the cost but could prove to be a wise investment. Indemnity guarantee fee Some lenders insist on an indemnity guarantee policy if the loan exceeds 75 percent of the property value. This protects the lender in the event of the borrower defaulting on the mortgage and the sale price of the property not being enough to repay the loan. However, this policy is paid for by the borrower and often, the premium has to be added to the loan. In recent times, the threshold for mortgage indemnity guarantees has increased many lenders now set the level at 90 percent. Stamp duty This is a tax charged by the Government on the document transferring ownership of the house, paid by the purchaser. The rates are: Nil up to  £60,000 1% over  £60,000 but not more than  £250,000 3% over  £250,000 but not more than  £500,000 4% over  £500,000 Legal fees There will be legal fees payable to the solicitor or licensed conveyancer handling the transaction. The legal fees will include the local search fees (carried out to reveal matters affecting theproperty) and land registry fees, as well as the lawyers own charges. Other charges All mortgage lenders will have a tariff of other charges that you may incur in certain circumstances at various points during the life of your loan. These are not universal charges lenders will vary in terms of which ones apply, but all should be able to provide details on request. Task 5: Importance of Financial Planning It is important to plan finances in order to reap long term benefits through the assets in hand. The investments that one makes are structured properly and managed by professionals through financial planning. Every decision regarding our finances can be monitored if a proper plan is devised in advance. The following points explain why financial planning is important. Cash Flow: Financial planning helps in increasing cash flow as well as monitoring the spending pattern. The cash flow is increased by undertaking measures such as tax planning, prudent spending and careful budgeting. Capital: A strong capital base can be built with the help of efficient financial planning. Thus, one can think about investments and thereby improve his financial position. Income: It is possible to manage income effectively through planning. Managing income helps in segregating it into tax payments, other monthly expenditures and savings. Family Security: Financial planning is necessary from the point of view of family security. The various policies available in the market serve the purpose of financially securing the family. Investment: A proper financial plan that considers the income and expenditure of a person, helps in choosing the right investment policy. It enables the person to reach the set goals. Standard of Living: The savings created by through planning, come to the rescue in difficult times. Death of the bread winner in a family, affects the standard of living to a great extent. A proper financial plan acts as a guard in such situations and enables the family to survive hard times. Financial Understanding: The financial planning process helps gain an understanding about the current financial position. Adjustments in an investment plan or evaluating a retirement scheme becomes easy for an individual with financial understanding. Assets: A nice cushion in the form of assets is what many of us desire for. But many assets come with liabilities attached. Thus, it becomes important to determine the true value of an asset. The knowledge of settling or canceling the liabilities, comes with the understanding of our finances. The overall process helps us build assets that dont become a burden in the future. Savings: It is good to have investments with high liquidity. These investments, owing to their liquidity, can be utilized in times of emergency and for educational purposes. The argument made by people from low income groups is that they dont need to plan their finances due to the less money they possess. However, no matter how much one earns, better planning of income always helps in the long run. Task 6: Defining the problem Take time to properly define the problem. What is the issue to be covered? What is the problem? What decisions need to be taken? A fish-bone diagram will sometimes help in understanding the complex interlinkages that create a particular problem. For each of the causes or its effects, make a list of information or data that will be required, and clarify how that information will lead to a better decision. Finding the information Determine the sources from where information needed for decision-making can be obtained. What information needs to be taken? Who has that information? Why is that information being collected by the source? Which component of the problem at hand will it help? Evaluate the sources to see which of them can provide the best information, and identify the mode and format in which the information is presented. Keep in mind that different sources provide information in different formats (for different reasons!). Processing the Knowledge This where the information gathered is matched with the problem in hand. The relevant information from each source is extracted and information from multiple sources is organized. Which parts of the information collected needs to be used? What additional data or information is needed? How can information be best presented to be able to understand the situation and take decisions? The collected information is evaluated and integrated for its relevance, validity and interconnectedness. Taking the decision In an interactive and inclusive process involving all the concerned parties, form an opinion from the information collected for its effectiveness and efficiency. Use it to take the decision. Has the decision taken help in solving the problem at hand? Was the decision satisfactory and took into account all the views of concerned parties? A decision taken may need to be examined closely and refined, and modified to meet differing needs over time. Task 7 Impact of finance of financial statement is immence because inorder to prepare financial statememnt some cost is essential such as auditors fee, financial analysts fee.